Baseball Stats

Appendix Data Set Howell and Huessy (1985) reported on a study of 386 children who had, and had not, exhibited symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADD)—previously known as hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction—during childhood. In 1965 teachers of all second-grade school children in a number of schools in northwestern Vermont were asked to complete a questionnaire for each of their students dealing with behaviors commonly associated with ADD.Questionnaires on these same children were again completed when the children were in the fourth and fifth grades and, for purposes of this data set only, those three scores were averaged to produce a score labeled ADDSC. The higher the score, the more ADD-like behaviors the child exhibited. At the end of ninth grade and again at the end of twelfth grade, information on the performances of these children was obtained from school records. These data offer the opportunity to examine questions about whether later behavior can be predicted from earlier behavior and to examine academically related variables and their interrelationships. A description of each variable follows. †¢ ADDSCAverage of three ADD-like behavior scores †¢ GENDER1 = male; 2 = female †¢ REPEAT1 = repeated at least one grade; 0 = did not repeat †¢ IQIQ obtained from a group-administered IQ test †¢ ENGLLevel of English in 9th grade: 1 = college prep; 2 = general; 3 = remedial †¢ ENGGGrade in English in 9th grade: 4 = A, etc. †¢ GPAGrade point average in 9th grade †¢ SOCPROBSocial problems in 9th grad: 1 = yes; 0 – no †¢ DROPOUT1 = dropped out before completing high school; 0 = did not drop out The data are available at http://www. uvm. du/~dhowell/fundamentals7/DataFiles/Add. dat ASRIEEGSD DEEQ NN P0R DX PGG AC O S EL G PP C A RO TOU BT 45 10111232. 6000 5010102232. 7500 4910108244. 0000 5510109222. 2500 3910118233. 0000 6811 79221. 6701 6911 88222. 2511 5610102243. 4000 5810105311. 3300 4810 92243. 5000 3410131243. 7500 5020104132. 6700 8510 83232. 7510 4910 84222. 0000 5110 85232. 7500 5310110222. 5000 3620121143. 5500 6220120232. 7500 4620100243. 5000 5020 94222. 7511 4720 89123. 000 5020 93243. 2500 4420128243. 3000 5020 84232. 7500 2920127143. 7500 4920106232. 7500 2610137233. 0000 8511 82321. 7511 5310106232. 7510 5310109221. 3300 7210 91220. 6700 3510111222. 2500 4210105221. 7500 3710118243. 2500 4610103321. 7500 4810101133. 0000 4610101333. 0000 4911 95233. 0000 6511108233. 2500 5210 95332. 2510 7511 98211. 0001 5810 82232. 5001 4320100133. 0000 6020100232. 4000 4310107122. 0000 5110 95222. 7500 7011 97232. 6711 6911 93222. 0000 6511 81122. 0000 6320 89221. 6700 4420111243. 0000 6121 95211. 5001 4020106243. 7500 6220 83310. 6700 5910 81221. 000 4720115144. 0000 5020112233. 0000 5020 92232. 3300 6520 85221. 7500 5420 95323. 0000 4420115243. 7500 6620 91242. 6711 3420107143. 5000 7420102200. 6700 5721 86332. 2500 6020 96133. 0010 3620114233. 5000 5010105221. 7 500 6010 82211. 0000 4510120233. 0000 5510 88211. 0001 4410 90132. 5000 5720 85232. 5000 3320106143. 7500 3020109143. 5000 6410 75321. 0010 4911 91232. 2500 7610 96221. 0000 4010108232. 5000 4810 86232. 7500 6510 98220. 7500 5010 99221. 3000 7010 95211. 2500 7810 88331. 5000 4410111223. 0000 4810103212. 0000 5210107222. 0000 4010118222. 5000

Do You Agree That Students Can Bring Hanphones to School or Not?

The relationship between teens and drugs has been around for decades; however, this is not what you would call positive. Substance abusing (which is using drugs or alcohol in ways than can cause physical harm) is often associated with crime. But why do youths take drugs† Youth take drugs for the following reasons: social disorganization, peer pressure, family factors, emotional, or rational choice. Social disorganization deals with drug abuse to poverty and disorganized urban environment. Drug use by youth minority group members has been tied to factors such as racial prejudice, low-esteem, social status, and stress produced from environment.The National Youth Survey found that drug use tends to be higher among urban youths. Peer pressure is the most well-known reason for teens to partake in substance abuse. Some may argue that teen drug abuse is highly correlated with the behavior of close friends especially when family supervision is weak. This relationship, in fact, is recip rocal: substance abusers seek out friends who engage in similar activities. Associating with drug abusers leads to increased levels of drug abuse. Another explanation is that drug users have a poor family life.Studies show that majority of drug users have had an unhappy childhood which included harsh punishment and parental neglect females and Caucasians who were abused as children are more likely to have alcohol and drug arrests as adults. Youths who learn that dugs provide pleasurable sensations may be most likely to experiment with illegal substances; a habit may develop if the user experience anxiety and fear. Other family factors associations with teen drug abuse include parental conflict over child-rearing, practices, failures, to set rules, and unrealistic demands followed by hard punishments.Low parental attachment, rejection, and excessive family conflict have all been linked to adolescent substance abuse. Psychodynamic explanations of substance abuse suggest that drugs hel p youths control or express unconscious needs thus come in taking drugs for emotional reasons. They may use drugs as an escape from real or imagined feelings of inferiority. Substance abuse is one of the many problems that begin early in life and remain throughout the life course. Youth who abuse drugs lack commitment to religious values, disdain education, and spend most of their time in peer activities.Rational choice is when they choose to drugs because they want to: some use them to get high, relax, improve creativity, or increase their sexual responsiveness. Most teens say â€Å"it's my life; I can do what I want. † However, some teens may use to this cover up the fact they do have problems or want to fit in. They don't want to be portrayed a follower rather than someone who can make their own decisions. The top two substances abuse is marijuana and alcohol; alcohol is the number one drug abused respectively.A survey from the Washington Post showcased that: out of 10, 61 6 8th graders: thirty-six percent had tried alcohol and thirteen percent admits to drinking regularly. Out of the 10, 484 seniors interviewed, seventy-two percent had tried and twenty-nine percent still use it. Fourteen percent of them sold drugs at one point while twenty-nine percent said they have came to school drunk or high. A direct relationship has been established between drug use and delinquency. Drug users may commit crimes to pay their habits. A study conducted in Miami found that 563 users annually committed more than 200, 000 crimes to obtain cash.Drug users may be more willing to take risks because of their inhibitions is lowered by substance abuse. Cities with high rates of cocaine are more likely to experience higher levels of armed robbery. Basically they are trying to say that teens who take drugs contributed greatly to the crime rate. With all the reasons for teen to take drugs like social disorganization, for example, I believe that the main reason is because of e motional problems and rational choice. I believe that drug abusers do contribute to the crime rate but not as much as they try to say it does.Studies have shown that the rates of teens that partake in drugs have dropped. Most teens drink and smoke with friends or alone. Some don't go out and commit crimes; they associate getting high as a regular part of hanging out with friends. With several programs like D. A. R. E. , the consequence of doing drugs is being spread out. I believe that's why most teens tend to smoke marijuana since the dangers aren't as high as cocaine and heroin users. However, some will do it out of rebellion and not recognize the link of their actions of today and the consequences they may have tomorrow.

Nepal Unity in Diversity Essay

As we all know that Nepal is worldwide known as the only Hindu Nation and it is a matter of Pride to all Nepali’s living in the Country and to those too who have migrated to another Country for Business, Work and other related reasons. I my-self being a ‘Nepali’ had to stay out of Nepal from my childhood for Better Education and better living, This is the reason i don’t know much detail about NepaliSamaj and other cultural History’s of this Great Land. Many of us who stay in other country are called as Nepalese but when i came back home, I have learned that Nepalese are for people who stay in Nepal such as people from India are called Indians. As my days past in Nepal i came through many people who are Nepalese but they also have a sub-caste for e.g., Magar, Tamang, Sherpa, Newar, Gurung and many such more who share equal rights. In one line they are called as â€Å"Indigenous Nationalities† of Nepal. As per the last decade sensex came to know that Magar’s are the maximum habitants living in all over Nepal. I was happy to know this as I, myself belong to Magar sub-caste. Further to my knowing i came across places where there were churches and mosques and Gurudwara’s made and I also saw people going to these holy places to worship. At first I was astonish to find these holy places located in Nepal but then I could also figure that we are no more living in 20th Century but have widened are vision’s and respect other religions too†¦. After all it is a matter of individual choice whether he prefers to practice his religion by birth or he wishes to convert. I do understand how difficult it is to except the facts but I also feel that Nepal is growing and the public awareness about respecting each other’s religion is must. The conclusion of my article ends with one line which we have already studied in our respective schools â€Å"UNITY IN DIVERSITY†. â€Å"unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation†[5] that shifts focus from unity based Unity in diversity (also commonly rendered as united in diversity) is a concept of on  a mere tolerance of differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding that difference enriches human interactions. â€Å"Unity in diversity† is a popular motto within and among nation states, and also in political and social movements. The idea and related phrase is very old and dates back to ancient times in both Western and Eastern Old World cultures. The concept of unity in diversity was used â€Å"in non-Western cultures such as indigenous peoples in North America and Taoist societies in 400-500 B.C.E. In pre-modern Western culture it has been implicit in the organic conceptions of the universe that have been manifest since the ancient G physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological reek and Roman civilizations through medieval Europe and into the Romantic era.

Compare political system of Turkey and Greece Essay

Compare political system of Turkey and Greece - Essay Example In Turkey the Legislative authority is run by 550 deputies who are elected after every 4 years by fellow Turkish citizens. It is consigned the parliament. Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) is also responsible. The deputies are made through fair voting. As per mentioned in the constitution, they deputies take a devoted oath initially. People appointed in the TGNA have several duties. Decisions regarding war being fought are also passed through them. Moreover, to support the signing of international arrangements, martial law, passing authority to the Cabinet, edit laws, repeal rules, etc, all are favored by TGNA. (Freedomhouse.org) Greece also holds a legislative constitution. The Legislative authority of Greece is powered by The Parliament of the Hellenes. This parliament has a control over the government along with several major authorities. It comprises of 300 deputies. These deputies are elected by the people for four years. This parliament also selects the president of Greece. According to the rules and regulations of parliamentary democracy, it issues the Government with a vote of confidence. (Greece.angloinfo.com) In Greece the government programs the executive authority. The prime minister of Greece is the president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Georgios Papandreou. Several parties had their respective representatives standing in the elections for the 300 parliamentary seats. These parties included, New Democracy, the Communist party of Greece, the Popular Orthodox Rally and the Coalition of Radical left. Greece is allocated into 13 regions.

Entrepreneur Start up Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrepreneur Start up Process - Essay Example ation and research. It identifies you to your customers and allows you to differentiate yourself from your competitors. When starting to look for a business name, business owners needs to firstly identify the business type if it is a product or service etc. Then they start to search for business name and narrow the search by making a list of the best names and sharing the list with others. Before selecting a name the owner should consider the following factors: Choose a name that has meaning for your target market Use a descriptive name to advertise your product or service Try not to have the name be restrictive Think about how the name looks Plan for all uses of your business name After that check the availability of the name in Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) website and if it isavailably start the registration process by registering your business name with Australian Taxation office (ATO). Then go to the Office of Fair Trading or visit their website to fill i n the application of registering a business name. The business name should be memorable, available, and allows your company to grow. Please note: â€Å"When setting up your business, if you choose to operate as a sole trader, partnership or a trust, and not as a company, then you will have to register your business name in the state or territory in which you’ll operate. If your business name includes your or your partner’s, first name and surname, then you don’t need to register your business name.† Choosing a Business Location Figure 3: Business Location The right location can be critical to the success of your business and poor decisions are usually difficult and expensive to overcome. Therefore, after deciding what type of business you’re going to run, who’s your business trying to target and what is your business trying to target such as companies, universities. After evaluating the business type, audience, and market target, you can sta rt searching for business locations. However, your most important consideration in choosing a location is your ability to satisfy your target market. Market: Market information is a key for a business success. If an owner is unaware of the customer choice, taste, market trends, market approaches, and customer management skills, the business would not be able to generate sufficient or required volume of sale and would be losing its customer base in the long run. Competitors: The information of competitors and their business strategies are highly critical for business success. By knowing the market policies and discount offers provided by the competitors to the customers, the owners of the business become

Economic problems of the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic problems of the USA - Essay Example AS-AD model will be used to determine the aggregate demand and supply of the country. The report also highlights measures taken by the government to recover from the economic problems along with the reasons behind government’s decisions for such measures. The evaluation of effectiveness and shortcomings of government measures is done to explore the net benefit of the measures to economy. The report will attempt to suggest the solutions of US economic crises of manufacturing concerns, balance of imports and exports and economic sustainability of the country. SUMMARY The Article reports about economic problems faced by the U.S. since almost past decade. The United States is going through the economic adversity or disaster on a very high scale for the last decade. The article refers that despite suffering, majority of people of U.S. are giving less or no attention to the sources of the current economic decline (Heffner, 2012). The article states that U.S. nation has become a seco nd class country in many aspects Reasons cited in the article for the above statement includes facts that United States no longer produce what they require to sustain their selves; the extensively increased imports than exports resulting in selling off U.S. assets and taking on huge debts to maintain a living standard. The article also refers to an important aspect of the US condition in international context. IT refers that it is the game plan of the US global challengers is to make the US totally reliant on overseas manufacturing, modernization and financing. In losing domestic self-reliance, nationalized security and power – the foreign affairs of a country will suffer to a great extent. Referring to impact of the current situation, the author of the article states that US is getting weakened even to admit greedy foreign trade practices bringing in depression US industry. Instead the economic players are giving confidence to US manufacturers to plan, engineer, and manufact ure in third world markets to minimize the production cost like Mexico and China. The article in addition to the problems being highlighted has also referred to the solution such as carefully managing access to market, re-assessing trade practices etc. (Economy in Crisis, n.d.). DISCUSSION OF THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ISSUES: Causes of Problem: High labor wage rates in U.S.: U.S. is facing challenge of high labor wage rate for the last few years due to which the cost of production or manufacturing in the US increased. To survive competitively in this situation U.S. started to shift its production or manufacturing plants in low wage rate countries like China and Mexico where cost of production is significantly cheaper as compared to U.S.. This prevailing situation in the economy bringing down the US manufacturing sector continuously giving rise to import and pressuring the import bill. Service sector growth downsizes the manufacturing and production industry: In the last two decades a bi g portion of investment in the U.S. have been shifted towards the service industry sector because of high manufacturing cost and low margin profits. The service industry of US is contributing 79.7% in the economy, 1.2% is the contribution of agriculture industry and 19.1% by manufacturing industry (CIA, 2012). With this huge side transferred to service sector it has made the manufacturing side weaker in the US and hence large number low wage labor force in US has become unemployed. Higher imports from china and other countries because of low cost: the prevailing situation in the economy of US for the last two decades has increased the percentage of imports over exports in the economy. The final manufactured goods are the major imports of

Engagement of Companies in CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Engagement of Companies in CSR - Essay Example This however does not deter companies from adopting CSR. This research has used Hart’s sustainability framework to analyze the steps that has been taken by Toyota to improve its sustainability standard. This has allowed the organization to improve its social accountability. There is a considerable debate among researchers regarding the reason for which companies engage in CSR activities. Some cite that profit may be one of the reasons for which companies engage in CSR and others argue that they use this to improve their social image in the public. The passage of time had witnessed the transformation of CSR as an integral part of the business strategy. The introduction of stakeholders in the CSR became important with major contribution from Peter Drucker. This idea was completely opposite to that introduced by a famous economist, Friedman, who held the notion that the sole emphasis of a business is on ways to improve the level of its profits. It is nowadays argued that CSR is a multi-dimensional concept that encompasses philanthropy, environmental sustainability, transparency and innovation (Kaptein and Tulder, 2003). Researchers have found that majority of the global giants are incorporating CSR based on multiple facets in order to improve organisation al profitability. This increased awareness among companies to incorporate CSR in their management.

International Business Strategy - BOFFI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Strategy - BOFFI - Essay Example They started offering a wide range of products like baths, lights, faucets, and other accessories. Then the company started producing third product lines like panel wall, cabinets, cupboards etc. Eventfully they started diversification and brand extension in many markets. Boffi opened their monobrand shops in places like London, New York, Frankfurt and Miami. Boffi has made its presence known across many international markets due to its wide range of quality products. They have employed an international strategy for each of the country they operate. This report will look at the external and internal forces which Boffi faces in 3 countries, Italy, France and India. Italy has a framework of democratic, parliamentary and a multi party system. In Italy the legislative and executive are independent of each other. But recently Italy has faced a major turmoil in their political environment due to uprising of society against government of Italy. The new government of Enrico Letta is also in shaky ground. Thus present political condition of Italy is not good. The political condition of France is not stable. Presently only 20 percent of French population supports their President which lowest presidential rating in their history. This shows that the political situation of France is rather tense. Also there is presence of strict regulation for bathrooms in the country. Boffi had its presence in Italy since its time of inception. It faces challenges which they have been accustomed to. Italy is basically a capitalist economy, and it has a high per capita GDP. As part of European Union, Italy has a well established social and economic climate for companies to invest. The economy of France is somewhat different than other modern economies. It is described as a rouge economy where workers go constantly on strike and operations of a company is held captive by powerful

Macroeconomics In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Macroeconomics In Healthcare - Essay Example It is estimated that the global community currently provides roughly $2 billion per year to health in the poorest countries. For the poorest economies, spending does appear to make a difference. Gro Harlem Bruntland, Director General of the World Health Organization, believes that â€Å"health has a central role in the world economy. Yet, few finance officials and development economists have so far explored the potential importance of health investment as an instrument for reducing poverty† (Ivinson551). Improved health is potentially advantageous to poor economies. Increased life expectancy can lead to increased productivity and economic stability for many poor families, assuming that opportunities for work and education are readily available. However, in some of the poorest economies, opportunity for increased income from work is very limited. In some areas, basic infrastructure such as roads, utilities and means for production does not exist. Often political corruption prev ents those who are healthy and physically able to work for many years from realizing their true income potential. Even relocation to areas with more work opportunities are difficult with limited income and few safe roads. In those areas, it is a combination of increased spending on health care, increased development of infrastructure and acitivities which remove or reduce corruption that must take place simultaneously for the poorest economies to benefit overall. Improved health care alone will not bring about much change in economic conditions.

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay The paper referred to with this text is the one entitled â€Å"Sports Utility Vehicles: The real cost of power,† and the intention in this document is to endeavor to explain the revision process and what I personally learnt from that process as it applies to this paper. In revising the paper, apart from the obvious spelling, punctuation, grammatical and referencing corrections, I also needed to look at the hypothesis, structure and argument basis. There were two reasons for this. Firstly, revision is necessary to ensure that the research and conclusions reached are in accordance with the main theme of the paper, and that it does not raise additional points, which have been left, unanswered. In the respect of the hypothesis question, upon reviewing my work I found that it was necessary to revise from the original, as this was not concisely presented, nor were the original boundaries of the question defined in a manner that was easy to follow. It therefore needed to be more clearly defined. Similarly, from the structural aspect, there was a need for this to be reorganized. In its initial format, some of the points portrayed in the paper were not organized in a manner that clearly led the reader from one to the next, creating what might have appeared to be a disjointed approach to the subject. Clarity was also one of the reasons for the revision. In parts of the paper, it was found that points were made for which there was no supporting evidence, or the relevance of those points to the hypothesis were not connected properly. During the revision of the work, these points were revisited. In most cases, it was possible to provide further clarification, which addressed the issues. However, it was found in one or two instances that further research was necessary to either support the point raised or re-analyze it. The other aspect of the original paper that did require revision was that of the citations and quotations. In some original cases, these did not provide ease of access for the reader and would have reduced the value of the paper as a credible research document. Some of the references were too vague and in other instances, references and bibliographical connections were missing. I believe that the value that I personally gained from the process of the revision of this paper will benefit future research and other work that I undertake. I learnt the importance of being able review work in an objective manner, questioning the arguments raised in an effort to seek their relevance to the issues being addressed and the hypothesis itself. In addition, I learnt that the style of writing and the structure of the document, in terms of both the sentences and the ordered manner of presenting points raised, make a significant difference to the clarity of the document and impacts upon it knowledge value for the reader or student. As a result, I believe that the revising of the SUV paper will provide me with the ability to produce a better standard of work in the future. It will also enable me to improve my knowledge and development skills. Work Cited Anon (2006). Revising the draft. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved 6 December 2006 from http://www. unc. edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/revision. html

Boiler and Auxiliaries Identification

Boiler and Auxiliaries Identification OBJECTIVES To identify all major external components associated with gas fired boilers. To describe the function of all major components. THE FIVE MAJOR EXTERNAL COMPONENTS OF A GAS FIRED BOILER FEED-WATER SYSTEM Water supply and backflow preventer: The water supply comes direct from the city, and then finally into the boiler. A backflow preventer is a device used to prevent backflow. It does this through an air gap used to provide a barrier to the backflow. Water softener system: Water softeners are for pre-treatment equipment for boiler feed water, cooling towers, entire water supply and various types of process water. Feed-water tank: The feed water is put in to the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser it is then pumped to the feed tank. Feed-water tank drain valves: It provides a connection for water to enter the water tank, a connection for the tank drain, a connection for a tank pressure relief valve, a connection for an air inlet valve or a water pressure gauge, and a connection for water to leave the tank to enter the buildings water piping system. Feed-water tank sight glass: A sight glass is a transparent tube through which the operator of a tank or boiler can observe the level of liquid contained within. Feed-water tank temperature indication: The feed-water tank temperature indication enables the plant operator to monitor/control feed-water heater levels and decrease their plants heat rate. Feed-water tank temperature control valve and sensor: This helps to control scaling, corrosion, and eventually hot spots and tube failures. Chemical pumps and sampling system: The chemical pumps feed systems treat feed-water and condition blowdown sludge against corrosion and scaling Boiler 1 2 feed-water pump: The pump 1 2 are used to pump feed-water into a steam boiler. The water that is supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the condensation of the steam produced by the boilers. BOILER SYSTEMS A boiler system is simply a process used to heat up water by the means of a gas or oil-fired burner which then converts the water into steam. The steam travels through various pipes to the convectors and then generates heat used to warm the room. After a while the steam cools by condensing into water, and returns to the boiler to be heated again. BOILER AIR / FUEL SYSTEMS The boiler fuel system comprise of various units that is used create steam by applying heat energy to water. The fuel source releases its energy in the form of combustion taking place inside the boiler furnace for the boiler to convert water to steam. Main fuel line: Supplies the fuel gas from outside the plant to the boiler Fuel metering and regulation system: Regulates the quantity of fuel gas that is been supplied into the boiler. Main fuel shutoff valves: As fuel enters through the main fuel line, the valves allow for easy shut-off of fuel flow to the boiler. Main burner pressure regulators: If natural gas and air are inside the boiler when the burner is lit, the boiler can explode. Therefore, boiler steam pressure and water level are monitored and controlled by means of burner pressure regulator. Low and high pressure switches: For sensing fluid pressure. The pressure-sensing element are arranged to respond to the difference of two pressures. Blower motors: Power the fans that distribute heat throughout the boiler. Air Dampers: Controls the flow of air through the boiler. Igniters: Converts the fuel that is being fed into the boiler through the main fuel line into heat by lighting a connected burner. Flame scanners: Monitor the boiler fires and detect the presence or absence of flame in a boiler. STEAM SYSTEM, EXHAUST STEAM AND CONDENSATE: STEAM SYSTEM As the boiler heats up the water that generates steam, the steam travels at a very high pressure through various valves, a low pressure turbine, and is then exhausted into the condenser. The valves are used to maintain a set pressure in other to protect most of the steam components which is used to rotate the turbine. The stop valve is used to stop the steam as it flows into the turbine in case of any problem that could damage the turbine. The check valve is used to control the amount of steam which flows into the turbine thereby controls the speed of the turbine when it is connected to the grid used to generate electricity by the help of an attached generator. CONDENSATE The final place for the steam that is produced in the boiler is the condenser. In the condenser, the steam turns back into water by means of a heat exchanger which condenses the steam into liquid by cooling. EXHAUST STEAM: The exhaust steam is used to release the steam that no longer has enough heat energy after it has being used. BLOW-DOWN SYSTEM During the process of the steam generated, if any impurity carry over with the steam it would cause overheating in the superheater tubes. The blowdown system is used to prevent deposit of impurities into other surface like the turbine blades. DISCUSSIONS What did you learn about the equipment or technique? In this lab experiment, I have learnt about the five major external components of a gas fired boiler. How each stages is essential for generating steam. It is important to thoroughly understand the need for boiler to generate steam can also be catastrophic when no proper care is put in place. What problems were encountered? The few problems that could be encountered are as follow: If there is no safety valves installed on top of the boiler to protect the steam system components from over pressure, As fuel enters through the main fuel line, the valves that allow for easy shut-off of fuel flow to the boiler is broken causing fuel leakage that could cause fire outbreak. How this equipment or technique could be applied to chemical production? In chemical production, the equipment or technique could be applied to chemical production for the following reasons: As water heats up and converts to steam, the steam is used to power or rotate the blades of the turbines for generating electric which provides the voltage and current used to power other electrical equipment for the chemical production. The steam could be used for processing chemical products by means of sterilization. The steam could be used to power heating and air conditioning units in the chemical production plant. CONCLUSION The Process flow and P ID diagram gave me the opportunities to have a broader understanding a boiler system and how each components work to generate steam. REFERENCES Boiler: power generation. Retrieved from: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boile (power_generation) Main steam supply and Feedwater system. Retrieved from: Candu https://canteach.candu.org/Content%20Library/19930205.pdf

Advantages of Virtual Reality in Education| Proposal

Advantages of Virtual Reality in Education| Proposal Assignment 2 Research Proposal (i) Research aim and questions In recent years, Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been introduced and incorporated into education. However, its relationship with students second language acquisition remains unclear though there are a few researches in the last decade. In this research proposal, I will examine the main advantages of using VR in second language acquisition and analyse its effectiveness on improving students self-efficacy based on previous studies. Meanwhile, I will highlight the areas that require further examination and propose my plan to address the following questions: a) Major Question: How can Virtual Reality (VR) improve students self-efficacy in learning a second language? b) Sub questions: 1. What factors affect effectiveness of using VR to improve students self-efficacy in second language acquisition? 2. What is the difference between using VR and traditional immersion classroom in terms of improving students self-efficacy?3. To what extent can VR improve students self-efficacy on long term? (ii) Hypotheses to address The following hypotheses are given based on my literature reviews on previous studies and my formulated questions: 1. Using VR can improve students self-efficacy in second language acquisition. 2. Using VR in second language learning could improve and sustain students self-efficacy on long term. 3. Students find it more comfortable speaking target language to VR rather than in a face-to-face conversation. 4. Using Head Mounted Display (HMD) are more effective than computer screen in improving students self-efficacy. 5. Using VR is more effective to improve students self-efficacy than immersion language classroom. (iii) Definitions of key terms In this part, three key terms, Virtual Reality, Affective Filters and self-efficacy, require definition: a) Virtual Reality (VR) The term Virtual Reality was used to describe 2D online multiplayer websites that is based on conventional communication through text input (Lin Lan, 2015). However, Monahan, McArdle, Bertolotto (2008) observe a significant development of 3D graphic technology that enables VR to be much more immersive and 3D powered.   Lin Lan (2015) concur that the difference between the VR nowadays are significant from the original concept as they provide authentic life experience through its 3D virtual environment rather than just watching graphics from a computer screen. Hence the term can be best described a system that creates an authentic virtual 3D graphic world where users can view and interact through multi-sensory inputs from external devices (Pan, Cheok, Yang, Zhu, Shi, 2006). As a result, the definition of Virtual Reality in this proposal is focusing on the technology that involves using personal computer or Head Mounted Display (HMD) in classroom education (Limniou, Roberts, Papadopoulos, 2008) since this definition enables my proposal to focus on its highly immersive 3D graphic features that enhance the interactions between users and the virtual world. b) Affective Filters Affective Filters hypothesis is proposed by Krashen (1982) to describe attitudinal factors relate directly to acquisition (p.31) that act to prevent input from being used for language acquisition. (p.32). He categorizes the Affective Filters into three: learners self-confidence, motivation and anxiety (p.31), which are closely related to the concept of self-efficacy as below. c) Self-efficacy The term self-efficacy can be defined as peoples judgment of their capabilities to organise and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances (Bandura Schunk, 1981, p. 31). Furthermore, Pajares Schunk (2001) contextualise the term in education as students ability to persist and be resilient when facing challenges in learning. Finally, it is noteworthy that self-efficacy is considered by Oliver, Purdie, Rochecouste (2005) as one of the major affective factors in students process of learning second language acquisition, which fits into Krashen (1982)s hypothesis of Affective Filters. (iv) Literature Review In this section, I will present connections between using VR and improving students second language acquisition from my readings. Firstly, I will explain two advantages of using VR in second language learning from previous studies. Afterwards, two researches are presented and discussed to respectively highlight the features of VR technology and to establish the correlation between use of VR and improvement of learners self-efficacy. Finally, it is equally important to discuss the limitation of these researches as my proposed research aims to address these issues later. a) Benefits of using VR in second language learning To start with, two major advantages are identified in using VR in students learning in language: reduction of Affective Filters and synchronised linguistic and physical co-presences. Reduction of affective filters in using VR in language learning has been established by multiple studies. Schwienhorst (2002) suggests a major difference between conducting a role-play with real person and with a VR is that language learners feel less embarrassed when making mistakes in their conversations since they are aware of the non-judgemental nature of using VR. Furthermore, Moschini (2010) concurs that because second language learners feel that unlike a real person, VR is non-judgemental when their speak, which encourages them to interact with others in the virtual world and ultimately, making them feel more confident and less stressed. In addition, Schwienhorst (2002) points out the possibility of practice the same conversation for much longer time in VR provides learners with higher chance of succeed in speaking as they feel less pressured with more confidence in completing the designated tasks. Another benefit of using VR in language classroom is that VR synchronises learners physical and linguistic co-presences, which results in more effective communication. Clark Marshall (1981) believe that in order to communicate effectively, it is important to reach mutual knowledge in their conversation between two interlocutors. One important indicator of its effectiveness is the level of synchronisation of learners physical location and linguistic one. They furtherly point out that communication cannot be effective unless conversation happens in the same location with speakers physical one, which is not always the case in second language learning, suggested by Schwienhorst (2002). He believes that using VR bridges the gap between learners physical locations and linguistic co-presence since it offers this immersive environment that makes learners to believe they were somewhere else. Henderson, Henderson, Huang, Grant, (2009) extend that students choice of location words can be faci litated through using VR when they communicate through videolink due to the merge of physical and linguistic co-presences. b) Second Life research study The first research by Henderson et al. (2009) establishes the correlation between using VR in language learning and its effectiveness on improving students second language acquisition. Meanwhile, another The Second-Life research is a quantitative research study at Monash University that utilizes VR platform Second Life to improve Chinese language learners self-efficacy (Henderson et al., 2009). They design a virtual world where students need to use their created avatar to collaborate with other learners to complete certain Chinese language learning tasks, such as identifying and placing order on Chinese dishes in a Chinese restaurant. Throughout the research Henderson et al. (2009) observes a significant improvement in learners self-efficacy as their survey suggests that student believe VR offers a learning experience more authentic and relevant to real world. They conclude that students self-efficacy could generally improve by incorporating VR in second language learning. c) Tag Along Role Play research study A more recent study, TagAlong Role Play, by Mock (2016) at MIT highlights a few key features of using VR in education due to its continuous technological development. Unlike using the computer screen in the Second-Life research, TagAlong Role Play incorporated Google Cardboard device, a kind of Head Mounted Display (HMD), into language learning (Mock, 2016). He identifies two major differences between using Google Cardboard and its predecessors: higher affordability and 360 degrees spherical view. The first feature, concurred by Sharples, Cobb, Moody, Wilson (2008), makes VR technology significantly more accessible to all students in classroom, rather than just a few due to its low cost of purchase. Another implication is that the device is easier to maintain and use compared with its predecessors, making it possible to access to students of different age (Mock, 2016). Another key difference between using Google Cardboard and a computer screen is the 360 degrees spherical view offered by the former. Rand et al. (2005) suggests that using HMD devices could offer higher level of immersion for learners, which is witnessed in the TagAlong Role Play research (Mock, 2016). Instead of navigating using keyboard, learners simply need to look around when wearing HMD and the tracking system will adjust the image they see accordingly. Thus, this more immersive environment, according to Rand et al. (2005), could elevate sense of presence of VR users, which could ultimately translate into higher level of synchronisation between physical and linguistic co-presence (Schwienhorst, 2002). The TagAlong Role Play research offers some new features of VR in language education that could not be feasible a few years earlier, which brings some new potentials that have not been examined yet. d) Limitations and future directions Despite all the benefits and features of VR mentioned above, it is important to argue that there are certain limitations of the researches above, which require further research on these issues. To begin with, the effectiveness of using VR to improve students self-efficacy on long term remains unexamined. Despite the conclusion drawn by Henderson et al. (2009), they concede that whether such improvement will sustain on long term is not yet confirmed since their study was conducted in a single lesson. Moreover, Bandura (1997) acknowledges the challenge students face when their high self-efficacy does not translate into better result, which could significantly impact their self-efficacy in negative way. Hence, as Henderson et al. (2009) suggests, a research with longer term is required to determine the effectiveness. Secondly, the impact of those emerging mobile VR devices in second language acquisition has not yet been fully discussed. The devices used in the Self-Life study are different from what we understand as VR in this proposal since Henderson et al. (2009) explain that students used personal computer on an online website in the study. However, in the past several years, VR industry has undergone a revolutionary development in making these devices smaller and more mobile, especially with the Head Mounted Display (HMD) (Lin Lan, 2015). Therefore, it is only recent that VR could be deployed in language learning classroom on 1:1 ratio due to these developments. However, Mock (2016) acknowledges the implications of such development need further examination. Finally, Quinn Hussey (2003) note that Little has been published on its [VR] efficacy compared to conventional training methods (p. 164), which challenges the pre-conception that VR is necessarily more effective than other learning methods. Furthermore, they suggest that using VR as the sole instructional tool might make learning less effective rather than what we anticipated. Even with VR being used as supplementary learning tool, its higher effectiveness compared with traditional learning methods are not yet conclusive (Crosier, Cobb, Wilson, 2000). Therefore, a research comparing the effectiveness of VR with other immersive learning environment, such as language immersion classroom, is warranted for further studies. (v) Significance of the research The aim of this research is to contribute to the existing knowledge of self-efficacy in second language acquisition. Besides, it will examine the issue in a school context rather than in a university classroom. In addition, it compares the effectiveness of VR with traditional immersion language classroom. Most importantly, it explores the factors that could be related with the use of VR in learning process. Hence, four major significances are explained as follows: Firstly, this research aims to contribute to the knowledge of self-efficacy, which plays a crucial role in students second language acquisition. Henderson, Henderson, Huang, Grant (2009) suggest that self-efficacy is an important indicator of students learning performance in future, which is concurred by Oliver, Purdie, Rochecouste (2005) as they believe students with high level of self-efficacy are more likely to achieve successs in learning compared with their low-level counterparts. Meanwhile, the relationship between students self-efficacy and their proficiency in reading and listening is emphasised by Mills, Pajares, Herron (2006) through their research with French learning university students in the United States. To contrast, Krashen (1982) points out that regardless of language learning capacity, if a student has very high affective filter due to low self-confidence or motivation, what student learned in class is unlikely to translate into higher performance in future. Thu s, it is important to examine the factors of learners self-efficacy in second language acquisition, among which could possibly be related to the features of VR technology although the exact variables are not yet clear. Secondly, this research aims aims to investigate the effectiveness of VR in improving students self-efficacy in secondary school context. Although Henderson et al. (2009) observe signficant improvement in students self-efficacy from their studies, the context of a secondary school classroom might be quite different from a university one. In particular, Pajares (2006) implies that compared with adult learners, self-efficacy plays an even more important role in adolescent learners learning and achievement since the latter usually have very limited options in motivation, which makes them less resilient than adult learners. As a result, he suggests that adolescent students are unlikely to continue their learning if they do not have a sustainable self-efficacy to complete their learning. Therefore, it is important to research on the effectiveness of using VR on secondary school context so as to provide a clearer picture on how effective VR is in improving self-efficacy in a different educ ational context. In addition, this research aims to compare the effectiveness of VR with other teaching methods in language teaching. As Ausburn Ausburn (2004) and Bowman McMahan (2007) suggest that despite all the positive result of using VR in education industry, researches comparing VR with those more traditional teaching methods are rarely conducted. Quinn Hussey (2003) also concur that using VR might not necessarily a more effective teaching methods than others, contradicting with studies from Wong, Ng, Clark (2000) which suggests that VR is indeed more effective when it comes to training dentistry students. In the context of second language acquisition, although it is still inconclusive to suggest VR is indeed more effective than immersion, it will be exploratory to compare the effectiveness between the twos, which could re-shape our definition of what an immersive language classroom looks like. Last but not least, this research focus on the factors that determine the effectiveness of VR in improving self-efficacy rather than seeing VR as a powerful tool itself. Ausburn Ausburn (2004) caution the danger of assuming the tool can be effective without considering of all the contexts and relevant variables. One of the factors could be software design of the VR program as suggested by Riva (2003) who argues that simply having the most advanced device is not enough for VR to be effective in education, rather we need to have a compatible software in order to maximize its effectiveness. Otherwise, as she suggests, the effectiveness could decrease significantly if the ecosystem cannot sustain the learners sense of presence by making them to believe what they see is real. From this example, we can assume more factors should be explored when it comes to effectiveness of VR, especially on improving students self-efficacy, which is part of the objectives of this research. (vi) Methodology Firstly, pragmatism is chosen to be the methodological paradigm due to the nature of this research. Gray (2004) suggests that for pragmatists research tend to focus on a practical issue/phenomenon and idea is true only if the issue can be addressed in a practical manner. In the context of this research, pragmatism is best represented by that aim that using VR will hopefully improve students self-efficacy, a practical challenge we are facing in second language learning classrooms every day. As a result, the theoretical perspective of pragmatism encompasses the design of this research. In addition, due to the nature of pragmatism in this study, it is designed to be a mixed methods research with two stages of quantitative and qualitative approaches respectively. However, the qualitative stage of the study will be emphasized to answer the main question of this proposal, which is considered as a qualitatively-driven research that incorporates quantitative research to ensure a more comprehensive insight of the problem (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, Turner, 2007). Therefore, methodologies of both stages are presented as follows: First stage is designed to be an quasi-experimental research (quantitative) aiming to validate hypothesis on the correlation between using VR and improving students self-efficacy in language learning. Creswell (2012) defines experimental research as to test an idea, practice or procedure to determine whether it influences an outcome or dependent variable (p.295). Another advantage of using experimental research is to have control group to exclude the non-necessary variables that could distract our understandings of such relationship. Hence in this proposal, the hypothesis that using VR can improve students self-efficacy in long term will be examined by this approach and using experimental research could enable us to establish the potential connections in between. Second stage is based on the Ground Theory for qualitative research, aiming to explain the factors that influence the effectiveness of VR in improving the learners self-efficacy. In his book Gray (2004) suggests the Ground Theory approach to be best involved when there is not a clear agreement on the theoretical framework of certain issue, which is the case for using VR researches in education (Ausburn Ausburn, 2004). Finally, Gray, (2004) points out that the Grounded Theory could help develop theoretical framework that could be practical in assisting educators, which aligns with the pragmatic paradigm of this research. (vii) Methods Based on the methodologies above (quasi-experimental and the Grounded Theory), the first stage involves experimental research (quantitative) using control group and analytical survey before the second stage, based on the Grounded Theory in qualitative research, involves semi-structured interview and open-coding analysis. Finally, it is crucial to secure all participants confidentiality throughout this research. Designated sample groups will consist of two Year 9 classes with student number at around 15 for each group, who are current students at a same Australian secondary college. Each group are expected to have a gender ratio at around 1:1 and have a same second language learning background. One class will involve using VR in their second language learning while the other will be a language immersion classroom without using VR. Stage 1: Control Group Survey Research (Quantitative) First step of the research is to establish control group to manipulate the independent variables in this research. As Gray (2004) suggests that although ideally the sampling groups should be assigned randomly, in reality this is not always the case. It is predicted that the control group will be pre-determined according to school but two classes of similar context could be chosen. Such context includes students gender ratio, age, second language learning background, student number, etc. to minimize distracting effects on the dependent variable, which is students self-efficacy in this research. More importantly, control group enables the research to compare the effectiveness between using VR and simply using language immersion pedagogy in second language classroom within a highly structured approached as identified as a main feature of control group (Gray, 2004). Secondly step involves ongoing collection of data for analytical surveys from both groups within a timeframe of one month. The survey is designed to measure students self-efficacy before and after using VR in language learning. Compared with the Second-Life study from Henderson et al. (2009), a months period enables this research to gain insight into the effectiveness of VR on students self-efficacy during a much longer term in comparison to only a single lesson. Questionnaires will be designed based on the research hypothesis and online survey tools will be utilized to collect students attitudes towards using VR in language learning. Finally, one-way ANOVA approach is chosen for data analysis in this stage, aiming to establish the correlation between the dependent and independent variables although Punch (2005) cautions that the two groups of humans will almost certainly have different independent variables, making the conclusion less likely to be generalized. Stage 2: Semi-Structured Interviews In this stage data will be collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with both groups first. Individual interview will be conducted during class time with semi-structured questions that enable the researcher to focus on the research question while remaining flexible for open-coding later. Using such technique, as suggested by Newton, (2010), provides us with rich data in gaining insight into participants context, which is considered crucial in helping participants discover the factors that influence their self-efficacy in second language learning and its relationship with using VR. Finally, the interview recording will be transcribed for data analysis. Finally, the Ground Theory approach is implemented when analysing collected qualitative data from the interview. One highlighted feature of the Grounded Theory is Open Coding, which, according to Gray (2004), involves categorization of different concepts while comparing with each other. Then questions should be asked based on the result of coding before conceptualization of more general categories. Afterwards, using axial and selective coding enable researcher to narrow down the categorization and focus on the variables that influence students self-efficacy in second language learning (Gray, 2004). Finally, he also highlights an advantage of mixed methods as using both analytical surveys and interview enable researcher to triangulate the data to get a clearer insight here. Therefore, it is hope that at the end of this stage, factors that influence the effectiveness of VR improving learners self-efficacy could be summarized. Confidentiality It is paramount for this research to obtain written consents from the following participants after them being fully informed of the research: School administrations/leadership, participating school principal in this case. Participating school staffs, this includes classroom teachers, ICT department and other educational support staffs. Participating students parents/guardians from both sampling groups The implementation of obtaining consent will adhere with relevant policy by using the checklist provided for ethical approval (University of Melbourne, 2017). In addition, the research will ensure the data involved will be protected and remain anonymous to maintain confidentiality and this includes the data from staffs, parents and participating students. Furthermore, during the semi-structure interview stage, it is important to ensure coding when collecting and analysing all interview notes, transcripts and recordings. (viii) Assumptions This proposal is assumed based on: VR devices are affordable to classroom in which each student can access one VR device.   Contrary to what Chittaro Ranon (2007) suggest that most classroom cannot afford Head Mounted Displays (HMD), the TagAlong Role Play study using Google Cardboard clearly shows such disadvantage is diminishing with the technological advancement of VR devices (Mock, 2016). Therefore, it is assumed that school can afford one device, such as Google Cardboard, for each student so their exposure to VR could be maximized. Using VR in second language classroom does improve learners self-efficacy from at least a short-term. This assumption is supported by the Second-Life research in which Henderson et al. (2009) demonstrate a significant improvement in short term research. Both research and control groups will be taught by one same teacher who will be teaching same content using the same curriculum around approximately the same timeframe. This aims to minimize the impact of different teachers influencing students self-efficacy in the ways that are not part of this research, which is supported by Pajares (2006) teenagers are particularly susceptible to teachers belief and what they say in classroom. These assumptions enable the research to focus on the factors that improve students self-efficacy through using VR in second language classrooms. (ix) Limitations Two limitations are identified and discussed while possible solutions are proposed as follows: Firstly, the control group might vary in different independent variables and thus impact the validity of the survey data. This is a one concern mentioned by Crosier et al. (2000) as they concede it is highly challenging to find equivalent groups in real life and more importantly, as Ausburn Ausburn (2003) argue against the notion that one technology could solve the problem without taking into account of all the social contextual background. This will result in lowered external validity of the comparison result between the VR group and the language immersion only group. Therefore, it is important to use data reduction technique when analysing them to minimize the impact of irrelevant variables (Punch, 2005). By implementing the technique, the researcher could stay focused on establishing the correlation between the desired independent and dependent variables. Secondly, another concern is the participants health in relation to use VR for longer time. This concern is raised by Mantovani, Castelnuovo, Gaggioli, Riva (2003) who observe temporary disorientation and nausea among VR users after using for a longer time. However, they admit this effect is largely caused by those out-of-date VR devices. As for solution, using lighter and more recently developed VR device, such as Google Cardboard, can significantly reduce the effect (Mock, 2016). Moreover, he suggests switching from stereoscopic to monosporic viewing mode could minimize such effect. Therefore, Google Cardboard device is chosen to be the VR equipment in this research to give participants options to reduce the effects. Finally, regardless of the equipment, it is important to inform participants, their parents/guardians and school leadership of such concern before the commencement of the research. References Ausburn, L. J., Ausburn, F. B. (2003). A comparison of simultaneous vs. sequential presentation of images in a visual location task to learners with visual and nonvisual perceptual styles: A study of supplantational instructional design. Journal of the Oklahoma Association of Teacher Educators, 7, 1-20. Ausburn, L. J., Ausburn, F. B. (2004). Desktop Virtual Reality: A Powerful New Technology for Teaching and Research in Industrial Teacher Education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 41(4), 1-16. Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JITE/v41n4/ausburn.html Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 4, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836 Bandura, A., Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 Bowman, D. A., McMahan, R. P. (2007). Virtual reality: How much immersion is enough? Computer, 40(7), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2007.257 Chittaro, L., Ranon, R. (2007). Web3D technologies in learning, education and training: Motivations, issues, opportunities. Computers Education, 49(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.06.002 Clark, H., Marshall, C. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In Elements of Discourse Understanding. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from citeulike-article-id:122353 Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications, 2nd ed, 2015-2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839915580941 Crosier, J. K., Cobb, S. V. G., Wilson, J. R. (2000). Experimental Comparison of Virtual Reality with Traditional Teaching Methods for Teaching Radioactivity. Education and Information Technologies, 5(4), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012009725532 Gray, D. E. (2004). Doing Research in the Real World. Book, 1-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2 Henderson, M., Henderson, L., Huang, H., Grant, S. (2009). Language acquisition in Second Lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Improving self- efficacy beliefs. Ascilite Auckland 2009, 464-474. Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224 Krashen, S. D. (1982a). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal (Vol. 67). https://doi.org/10.2307/328293 Krashen, S. D. (1982b). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal (Vol. 67). https://doi.org/10.2307/328293 Limniou, M., Roberts, D., Papadopoulos, N. (2008). Full immersive virtual environment CAVETM in chemistry education. Computers Education, 51(2), 584-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.014 Lin, T.-J., Lan, Y.-J. (2015). Language Learning in Virtual Reality Environments: Past, Present, and Future. Ed A Pragmatic Marriage: Analysis A Pragmatic Marriage: Analysis A pragmatic marriage, very popularly known as an arranged marriage is incredibly common in many parts of the world due to the common notion that relying on the family to select a potential spouse is considered an advantage as they have years of wisdom and experience. The biggest plus point is that there is a intentional attempt taken to match the two families which includes the bride and groom on the wide ranging parameters of social status, financial strength, background, educational opportunities and similar lifestyles as well as the physical appearances of the bride/groom as every family will want to provide their offspring with protection, happiness and a secure life. This concept is thought to tremendously increase the probability of the marriage succeeding. On the contrary, the two people are complete strangers to each other when their marriage is arranged by their family, thus they might take time to develop a level of comfort and understanding after marriage. Getting to know each other before marriage allows partners to have better respect and perception for each others needs and desires. The advantage being that ample time is achieved to explore both the positive qualities and the negative qualities about each other and learn to deal with it, well in advance before marriage thus, creating a satisfactory level of comfort after marriage effortlessly. Love marriages are ideally based on many factors such as friendship, respect, familiarity and understanding. Whereas in arranged marriages, one is forced to marry a stranger with whom they have no history or bond with. In most cases, the parents and relatives are often domineering and try to compel their child into a relationship he/ she doesnt agree with. This creates a complicated situation that may compel the partners to live together lifelong in a marriage that they are not content with. Besides popular love lore like Heer Ranjha and Sohni Mahiwal, India has always followed a long tradition of arranged marriages. In the Indian society, love marriages are considered taboo and Indian weddings are often associated with arranged marriages. Statistics reveal that the divorce rate in India is only 2% as compared to the other parts of the world such as United States with a divorce rate of 50%. This cannot be considered as a reliable statistical figure due to the fact that in India divorce is also considered taboo. Therefore, whether they like being with their spouse or not isnt the priority. They are just forced to stay in that relationship for the rest of their lives. Women have been known to become a victim and to stay on and bear a violent relationship for the sake of respect in society, family pride, parents self esteem etc. Compromise and amendments form the foundation for a woman in an arranged marriage, mainly because the married couple does not have any fixed notion s or expectations from one another and they are not provided with any alternatives. Women continue to remain in sadistic relationships to maintain their familys dignity and respect and also have to be incredibly selfless and surrender to his/her fate. The woman is regarded as a means to the continuation of the family name as well as a willing slave to her husband. According to the Press Trust of India (2010), Marriage can be forced to save honour, and women can be murdered for rejecting a forced marriage and marrying a partner of their own choice who is not acceptable for the family of the girl. Therefore arranged marriages tend to be sexist. Being in the 21st century, arranged marriages are now considered as an outdated notion. These days individuals believe that no third party can understand the workings of a persons heart other than them themselves. Love can also cloud ones mind and keep them from seeing the faults of their potential mate making it easier to compromise. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages should be completely outlawed as parents tend to take wrong use of it. Arranged marriages are considered as an illegal activity as this archaic method benefitted the arent more than their offspring. Some parents arrange marriages for their children within social circles itself. Others did it for the monetary rewards offered by the other family. Therefore, arranged marriage is sometimes considered as a business deal between two families as they look into the property, wealth and status of the family in the society and then finalize the relationship. Also, some of these pre-planned marriages were used as a bargaining chip to cease a war between opposing family feuds. For example, throughout history as far back as the Romans and the Greeks, the war was sometimes averted by the marriage of opposing cultures as a means to peace and prosperity. In an arranged marriage there are different sorts of pressures faced by the girl and the boy to be fair-skinned and physically attractive. In India the evil of dowry system, concept of matching horoscopes and the caste and community issues, is sometimes taken to its extreme levels and has greatly contributed to the argument against arranged marriages. Getting to know the spouse before marriage is what plays the most prominent role in marriage satisfaction, but fulfilling this requirement depends on how much freedom were given to know our opposite sex, before marriage. Unlike our prospects of the ongoing transition from arranged marriage to freedom of mate choice, position of parents in selecting childrens mates has not really subsided. According to a research done by Xu Xiaohe and Martin King Whyte (1990), in 20th century, Chinas communist initiated supporting freedom of mate choice for young people, while they were also opposing dating culture (Xiaohe and Whyte, 1990). Although this research solely includes Chinese society during 20th century, middle easterners have faced rather similar situation even in 21st century. When parents and the society support this type of strategy, parents can actually put the title of arranged marriage away, as well as keeping their authority vital. Meanwhile, they dont let their children date anyone , unless they meet the person in person. In this case, they are actually letting their children meet and know their future spouse before marriage, so they have given them the opportunity to get to know that specific person before marriage, which could be considered an opportunity to fall in love or to develop bonds, but they arent actually letting them know the opposite sex. They are so worried that they prefer to keep their children naÃÆ' ¯ve, rather than letting them risk their relationships, dating wrong people. Some people may think as long as you get to know your partner before marriage, its enough. But we believe in this case, you havent married the person you were in love with; youve just found a decent partner to marry, because you were supposed to marry someone eventually. In arranged marriage, the importance of getting to know your partner before marriage is completely overlooked, which leads marriages to failure. Besides, when you dont know how people from your opposit e sex behave, think, talk or react to specific matters, and what are the things that they care about, misunderstanding is the first burden which will add to discontentment of your arranged marriage. Its not deniable that the ones who are forced to arranged marriages find ways to compromise with their spouse; because the criterions of knowing a marriage as satisfying are not simply limited to how couples get married. When couples are younger, they tend to assess level of their marriage satisfaction by their wealth or even political status. As time goes by, even presence of grand children can affect their evaluation of their marriage. For instance, our own grandparents got married when they didnt even know what marriage is; so they were never asked about who they prefer to choose as spouse; However, if you ask them whether they were satisfied with their marriage or not, they wouldnt express discontentment. Because if they had had dreams about marriage, they had put them aside to reach a compromise with the life they were forced to have, and if they didnt have an idea of marriage, they never found out what love match is. This doesnt mean that couples who get married with love match es always stay as content as theyd been at the first place, but it does confirm the fact that normally, the ones who marry their love of their life, are more satisfied with their marriage, than couples who are already content of their current life, but got married based on arranged marriage. In the survey done by by Xu Xiaohe and Martin King Whyte (1990), it is stated that variations of mate selection do not involve just two categories, but a continuum from total parental control to total freedom of choice Along with this continuum. So basically, when we oppose arranged marriage, were not just against the gist of arranged marriage, but also against the strong authority that parents have over the procedure of getting married. Arranged marriage must be banned, because the ideology behind this type of marriage follows extremely dogmatic patterns regarding parental authority that make lives of couples miserable.

Why is the Holocaust Still Relevant Today in Wiesels Night Essay

The Holocaust is over and has been for about sixty years, so why are we still talking about it? Why is it still relevant in our world today? The world should have learned from its mistakes, but the sad part is that we did not. No, Hitler is no longer killing millions of innocent men, women, and children, but we are still just still just as cruel only in different ways. Night is Elie Wiesel’s factual account of his experiences in the holocaust. He brings us to a world in which not many people want to go. He tells us the true story of what really happened in Nazi concentration camps. Elie Wiesel, a holocaust survivor chooses to tell his story and begins to teach an entire generation the dangers of ignorance and hatred. Just by telling his story, just by writing it down, Wiesel is helping to educate people about what atrocities happened in the concentration camps. It tells us about how he was stripped down of his human rights. â€Å"A7713?’ ‘That’s me’† (51 Wiesel). Wiesel talks about how he was degraded as a human being. He is not even considered a person anymore. He is dehumanized and reduced to little more than a number. An example of the harshness is the selections, where he saw people who slept beside him the night before, get sentenced to death. He makes it clear that just because you passed an examination, doesn’t mean you’re safe. You might have been lucky this time but there will be a next time and they can just as easily give you death. He is basically saying that if you want to survive, then you had to prove yourself strong and healthy, but basically it was all on luck. This teaches us how cruel the Nazis were to the people in the concentration camps. Every selection would be dreadful and you had no way of knowing wheth... ...spoke about the concentration camps while they were going on, then that could have made the difference. All you really need is one person to start and others will follow. There was a reason why Wiesel made it out of the camps, and millions of others did not. He made a difference. He educated so many people of the pains of the Holocaust. Since we now know about it, we should not be ignorant and pretend that there is no other problems in our world, because there is. Now that we know this and we know what has happened in the past, we should do everything we can to prevent this from happening in the future. We determine the future, we can either ignore the problems of others including in other countries and the same thing might happen to us, or we can choose to do something about it and try to eliminate hatred and make sure that no one will have to experience it again.

Children, Television, and Violence Essay -- Children Effect Violence M

Children, Television, and Violence TV violence may influence children more than most people are aware of. The amount of violence on TV is an important topic in today's society. One of the reasons it should be so important to all of us is because almost everyone in America today has a television set, and because of it's availability, children are viewing disturbing images everyday from the comfort of their own homes. Television is all about ratings. To keep the viewers from changing the channel, networks will try to do anything. Even the news is displaying more bloody details than people need to see. If there isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t a murder, rape, or shoot-out on the news, people are let down. They may get bored with the broadcast and change the channel. That is the main reason why kids can be exposed to view acts of violence even while watching a comedy. By putting violence into the equation, networks become more confident that you are not going to change the channel. The networks don ¡Ã‚ ¯t give a damn about the affects it m ay have on the children watching, just as long as the ratings are high and the money keeps rolling in. The network broadcasters need to decrease the violence because it often confuses children, and as we all know children are visual learners. This may cause young kids sometimes blur things with the real world that they see on TV. It helps makes this happen by shaping an altered reality. Children do not seem to have a full grasp of the real world and the situations it m...

Reasoning Behind U.S. Decision to Enter the Korean War Essay

Introduction What determined the United States to enter the one of the costliest wars in the twentieth-century is a good topic for foreign policy study. There are several possible explanations as to why the United States participated in the war. The most important explanation is that the western world would be in a greater threat if North Korea won the war. Communist was considered as expansionism by the White House; hence, occupying South Korea might be a move of Communists to expand the Communist territory in the world. To prevent this, the United States needed to deter this possible threat. Another one is the United States is afraid of communist expansion. If North Korea won the war, it might cause countries swinging between Communist and Democratic to become Communist. Moreover, the domestic political situation for the Truman administration at that time was crucial in analyzing why the United States entered the war. These are the most important factors motivating America to enter the war. Des pite the profits of the entry in the war, there were some reasons preventing the United States involved in the war. Because North Korea’s invasion was likely backed by the USSR, if the United States failed to handle the situation properly, a World War III might happen; this would lead to huge loss of U.S. personal and substantial financial costs. Other than that, because China borders North Korea and China was another major Communist country, the United States intervention could lead to war with China. In this paper, I would first analyze each major reason individually for entering the war or not intervening. After that, I would put the picture together to explain why the United States eventually chose to participate in the war. Reasons the United States entered the Korean War Fear of Communist Expansion The most important factor that influenced U.S. entry into the Korean War was the USSR’s and other Communist countries’ ambitions to expand. After WWII, the White House had started to consider the Soviet Union as imperialist. The report â€Å"the Truth of Korea† implied that the United States was a free nation and the Soviet Union was intended to build a Soviet empire around the world. By considering the Soviet Union as imperialist, the United States was afraid that if the United States stood aside in the Korean War, Communist countries would take further actions to expand. For instances, China would attack Taiwan, IndoChina would overthrow France and become Communist countries, and the Soviet Union would even build communist regimes in Middle East or West Europe. The worries were likely to become reality unless U.S. intervened. After WWII, the Soviet Union consolidated their power by setting up puppet communist governments in all countries they had liberated, except Yugoslavia. Both force and politics were used to keep East European countries following commands from Moscow. Based on these behaviors of the USSR on other countries, it was reasonable that the United States labeled the Soviet Union as imperialism. Facing a country with desires to control other countries, punishment was a better choice than appeasement according to the deterrence model. If the United States entered the war and secured independence of South Korea, Communist power would be contained. Consequently, when Communist countries were making decisions of territorial expansion, they had to consider the cost and consequence of a war with the United States. Therefore, the intervention could contain Communist power and prevent potential wars from happening. Fear of Bandwagoning The second important reason U.S. entered the Korean War was fear of bandwagoning. It was less important than fear of Communist expansion is because bandwagoning would not directly harm U.S. interests, but would impair the global political leadership of the United States. In the setting of post-World War II, the world was separated as two major political spheres, one Soviet-led and the other U.S.-led. The Korean Peninsula was one of the several places two the major political powers conflicting each other. Other than that, the political landscape in East Asia was towards Communist. In China, the Communist party led by Mao Zedong just won the civil war against Jiang Jieshi’s government supported by the United States. Countries like Vietnam and Laos inclined to join the family of Communist at that time, abd overthrow French colonists. Therefore, if Communist North Korea unified the Korean Peninsula, it would make countries like Vietnam and Laos align with the USSR without hesitati on. The United States was not willing to let that happen. According to historical documents, when the war just started, Truman and his advisors believed that to falter would forfeit world leadership because of bandwagoning and Communist expansion. Moreover, in official reports about Korea situation, concerns about Democratic power weakened if South Korea fell were raised often. In 1948’s report â€Å"Prospects for Survival of the Republic of Korea,† the result of South Korea lost to North Korea would constitute a severe blow to the prestige and influence of the United States. As a result, the defeat of South Korea would encourage more countries to align with the Soviet Union. The report was before the war, the United States already considered the bandwagoning a severe threat to UN’s influence in the world. From this perspective, in order to maintain the democratic as a stronger power in the world, the United States had strong interests in entering the Korean War. Consolidation for the Truman Administration The domestic political situation for the Truman Administration was not positive before the Korean War. In 1949, the Communists in China won the civil war against the Nationalists backed by the United States. It was painful that White House lost an important country, China, to Communism because the United States had invested tons of resources in the country, but in the end, the United States did not have the expected return. It stirred a debate of â€Å"Who lost China† in the United States. The public was more in favor of McCarthy’s opinion. McCarthyism indicated that losing China to communism was the government’s fault. Based on his analysis of the civil war in China, he believed â€Å"China hands† — China specialists at White House — plotted Jiang’s defeat, who was the top leader of the Nationalist. Therefore, at the time before the Korean War, the Truman Administration had a lot of pressure from the public due to losing China. If Sou th Korea was defeated by North Korea, the public would strengthen their belief that losing China was a government’s blunder. Hence, losing South Korea would be catastrophic to Truman’s presidency. From the view of domestic political situation, the United States entered the Korean War because the Truman Administration needed to prove its ability in protecting democratic power before losing all trust in the public. This point was less strong than the above two was because it was hard to collect evidence to support the point. Factors preventing the United States from entering the war War with China Entering the Korean War was likely to start a war with China, one of the greatest powers in the world. From the perspective of geography, the Korean Peninsula adjoins China. If a foreign military power of the United States was close to the border of China, China would feel threatened. The worry was validated after the United States joined in the war. On June 27th, 1950, after the Seventh Fleet of the United States was sent to neutralize Formosa, Mao, the chairman of China at that time vowed â€Å"Year after year unsure of when the enemy will attack us. We must repair the house before it rains.† Not a long time after the vow, Mao sent his army to the Korean Peninsula. Moreover, although China just ended its civil war and badly needed time to recover from the war, China was actively looking for a chance to consolidate its status in the world stage. In 1950, most countries in the world only recognized Republic of China led by Jiang and disputed the legitimacy of People’s Republic of China led by Mao. Therefore, Mao was eager to have a war with a strong world power to gain international recognition. The Korean War against the United States was a good opportunity for the communists to show the Mao’s China’s power to the world. For this reason, China was likely to enter the Korean War if U.S. intervened. Regarding the negative results of the war, people in the United States just gained peace; nobody would like to see a war between China and the United States. A war with China would lose many the United States soldiers, breakup thousands of American families and halt U.S. economy growth, hence lowering people’s living standards. Additionally, a war with China was also meaningless because at that time the United States did not want to defeat China, but defend South Korea. The war between China and the United States was predicable if the United States entered the Korean War. A war between China and the United states was undesirable for the reasons listed in this section. Therefore, a war with China was a big factor in not entering the Korean War. Start of World War III The entry into the Korean War might lead to World War III. A possible war with China might drag the Soviet Union into the war. If the Soviet Union entered the war against the United States, the Eastern Europe under control of the Soviet Union would also claim war against the United States. As a result, Western Europe would likely align with the United States to contain the Communist power in the world. People all around the world just tried to recover from the aftermath of World War II. If World War III happened right after World War II, the world would be in chaos again, creating another tragedy in human beings history. The big picture When the benefits outweigh the costs of a decision, one would put that decision into action. The three major benefits Unites States would have from entering the war were preventing domino effect of countries joining in Communist, constraining the ambitions of expansions/ invasions from Communist countries, and securing the domestic administration. The two major costs were an undesirable war with China and a possible start of World War III. It was hard to determine whether the benefits outweighed the costs. However, the listed costs were unavoidable if the United States did nothing in the Korean War. If the United States let South Korea fall, there would still be a war between Communist power and democratic power in the future. As analyzed in the section of fear of Communist expansion, Communist countries led by the Soviet Union inclined to expand their territories if their ambitions were not constrained. Therefore, appeasement to Communist countries was not going to stop them from behaving aggressively. Even though the United States would not participate in the Korean War, finally it was possible to be a day that the Soviet Union would eventually declare a war on the United States for further expansion. The costs would only become more significant than the costs of entering the war at that time. Hence, in order to prevent that from happening, the United States took the initiative to contain Communist power in the world. Additionally, human pride played a factor. Truman might recklessly enter the war in order to secure his status in White House. To him, protecting his reputation and his presidency might be much more important than starting World War III or fighting an undesired war with China. Hence, because of personal emotions, Truman would order the United States to enter the war. Conclusion There are three major reasons encouraging the United States to enter the Korean War. From the perspective of bandwagoning, defending South Korea could win credibility for democracy power and possibly win countries swaying between Communism and Democracy. In the view of the deterrence model, entering the war could constrain the ambition of imperialism of Communism countries. Considering the domestic political condition, intervention in the Korean Peninsula could make the public turn attention to the war instead of the administration’s failure in China and relieve the public pressure from the administration. On the other side, there were two important costs preventing the United States from entering the war. The first cost was an unnecessary war with China. The United States would not benefit directly from fighting against China and U.S. would consume numerous resources and human power in the war. The other cost was starting World War III. The Soviet Union could declare a war on Unites States if the condition in Korea got worse. U.S. decision to entry into the Korea War was made because of two logics. First, the costs were unavoidable if the United States just watched and did nothing in the war. Communist would continue to expand and finally encounter the United States for a war in the future. At that time, the cost would only exaggerate, not minimize. Second, Truman would more likely send U.S. troops to the war field. In order to secure his administration, he needed to turn the public attention away from China and prove his ability in foreign policy. The result of the war was peace between South Korea and North Korea. Judging from the result, U.S. entry into the war had a positive impact on the peninsula. However, whether the peace in the Korean Peninsula could be achieved through other ways at lower cost is worth further discussion.

Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort

The proposal of water theme water with a five star resort built on Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey Location The water theme park will be located in Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey. Llanddwyn Island is a small tidal island off the west coast of Anglesey, North Wales. It provides excellent views of Snowdonia and the liyn Peninsula. Access to this island will be by boat or drive through A55 to Anglesey. The Golden Bench Hotel This is going to be located around the coast next to the nice sandy white bench. It's going to have 3000 rooms. It has a lot that people can do here and the staff are extremely friendly. Some activity we offer in the hotel: * tennis count, * spa * sonar * basketball count * bench party * clubs for the children , teenagers so the parents can relax on the bench * Fitness class * Massage * Gold course * Satellite TV * Beauty Salon * bar * coffee shop * broadband internet * shuttle bus The Speedo water theme park This is going to be the biggest water theme park in Europe. With an area of more than 2000 thousand square meters. The park is divided into 5 separate zones with a different theme which not just only the kids will enjoy it, the elders will as well as the adults. These include: Slide and splash, Aqua land, 7 seas, the big plunge and the Infant Island; this is where the kid's zone is in the water park. It's base on the theme of praties. This is where the shallow pool will be set and there is a family pool where the parents can spend some quality times with their children. Also there is a kid's pool which is especially design for the safety of children under 11. It has many mini water rides that the children will enjoy while the parents can sit back and relax. The extreme part of the water park has to be the big plunge; this is where all the massive rides are located including the Tornado which there is only four in the world. This is the ride that has taken the world by storm and this will be Europe's first tornado. Riders ride on specially designed four clover leaf tubes that can carry up to four riders. Riders take the plunge into a large fiberglass cone that gives them the experience of being sucked into a tornado. There are more water rides offer to children and parents in this part of the park. If that's a bit overexciting, why not go to Aqua land zone. This part is more for people that want to relax and calm. Like the lazy river they have offer in this zone, this is the longest lazy river in the world. It's a 1.1kilometer long continuous river in which water moves slowly and continuously. Guests can lie back and relax in the specially designed rubber ring as they float around the river. To add extra excitement to the lazy river, we have a special action river section, which produces one-meter waves. Also we have a huge swimming pool for the people that want to swim and relax. Next to the pool there is a cozy bar where people can have a drink and have convection with their friends. If that's a bit boring for the teens, why not go to the slide and splash zones. This is where all the rides are situated which guests experience the master blaster. It is a fast moving roller coaster. It takes guests for an incredible ride in a double tubes racing up and down hills for more than 300 meters. Also guests can experience the wizard; this is a fast and furious ride which young people will enjoy. Eight riders will begin the race at the top of the 20 meters towers. After completing a full circle with high speed, all eight riders will then enter the straight section and race down to the bottom. If that doesn't sound scary enough, why not try the inner tube rides. There are three open waterslides running for 100 meters. Guests start from the top of the fifteen meters hill and rapidly fall through twists and turns to the slash down pool below. They are ride in groups of two on the special designed double rubber ring. 7seas zone is where all the pool is placed; wave pool is one of them. This is going to be the world biggest wave pool which is a wave pool and can also be a pool for boogie boarding. There is ten minutes when the waves are on where guests may swim in the pool or use a tube to surf on the waves. Then there is a relaxation period for the next ten minutes when the waves are off, allowing for calm water swimming to swim. Also the rain fortress is situated in this part of the park. It has various water rides and water activity which it can give endless of fun for all ages. Tipping buckets, water cannons, slides and secret ladders are some of the special features of the Rain Fortress. The poop view shopping centre This is going to be build next to the hotel where the guests can just walk through the cover way to enter the shopping complex. There is going to be over 1000 shops in the shopping centre where all the brand names are placed like Chanel, LV, Guggi, Hugo Boss. Also there is a food count which various kinds of food are been sell. Activity We have a lot to offer to the guest in Kwans resort. Some activity that people may enjoy: * Special romantic dinner on the bench * Party every night on the bench for the teenagers * Activity groups where younger people can have opportunity to do water sport. Also they can have a chance of making new friends. * Also our hotel have Spa, massage and other activity that guest may enjoy * There are a casino for people that like to glebe * Shopping till you fall on the floor * We have a 15000 seated stadium for live entrainments live a concert or even a football or rugby match Open hours Water park- mon-sats 9am till 7pm -sun 11am till 7pm Shopping centre -mon- sun 10am-9pm Casino-open all times Prices Hotel- standard room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 Double room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½900 Luxury room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 Water park entrances child – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 Adult- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 Conclusion Over all I think this is a good project and it's going to create new jobs for people. Not just creating work for people, this is going to raise the tourist attraction because all round Europe people will want to come and take a break after their effect that they put in their jobs.

Leisure studies in Canada.

The city of saint Luc City is a beautiful city that has a lot of leisure opportunities such as parks, libraries, and Samuel Moskovitch arena. The city is very accessible as it has well constructed roads and paths that link each and every part of the city. There has been paths that have been constructed of late for example the four Heart paths that was officially opened on 30th September 2007. These paths are meant to make Pierre Elliot Tradeau park accessible. (Heart in Motion Walking Paths, Cote Saint Luc City)These walking paths one which is a kilometer long, another of 3km, 5km, and the last one is of 8km. The heart in motion paths was extended from the city sidewalk by the Quebec stroke foundation. All these paths are clearly marked with distinct blue and yellow colors. These are supported with motion signs after a span of each one and a half kilometer so as to keep tourists who visit this city in the right track. All these city paths branch from the Pierre Elliot Tradeau Park on the southern corner.The construction of the four walking paths had some health benefits to the residents and visitors who come to this city. The paths allow those who want to do walking exercise a classic opportunity for doing so. This is according to the mayor of this city Anthony housefather. Construction of walking paths has been done in other places like Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and German and as thus it is not without precedence. It is something that is feasible as it has been tested and proved that city paths like those in Cote Saint Luc city help in keeping the city dwellers physically fit.Within the city there is a place that people can visit to enjoy themselves and one of these places is the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Park, which is located at Mackle road and next to the Samuel Moskovitch arena. It is situated at the northern side of the city. The park is just beautiful and you cannot afford not to visit it. Inside there is a base ball field, soft ban field there is a nd there is also an artificial lake called Contennial Lake where you can enjoy pedal boat rides at a small fee in summertime. There is a picnic area that is very beautiful in winter especially when it’s covered with ice. The parks scene is extremely beautiful with a green covered landscape. (Samuel Moskovitch Arena, 6985 Mackle Road.)The fees that are charged in this park are pocket friendly in fact the cost cannot exceed $25.00 U.S dollars. For example you can access the Baseball diamond with only one dollar, the second baseball diamond with 2 U.S dollars the third one with 3 U.S dollars. There is also a hotel where you can rent a room. These two rooms are equipped with a mini fridge and microwave. (Lesson 6)Also in the city of Cote saint-Luc, there is an arena called Samuel Moskovitch that is located at the Mackle road. This arena is a home to the ice surface that is used by the minor Hockey group, the skating club, hockey schools and adult as well as the youth leagues. Wit hin the arena there is a studio room and a conference room which are good for private rentals. The two rooms are well equipped with basic set up as well as clean up. They also have chairs and table making them ideal for holding conferences.The studio room is equipped with a freezer and not forgetting that there is also enough parking area that can accommodate over two hundred vehicles. For those who might be interested in renting these places it’s good to know their exact measurements to avoid disappointments. The Ice Rink is 200feet in length and 85 feet wide, the studio is (36.5 x 25) feet that can accommodate 85 people when arranged in banquet style and while arranged in theater style it can hold one hundred and seven people. The conference room is 25 feet long and 12 feet wide and can hold twelve people while standing.All these rooms are rented for only two hours and any time on top of that is charged separately. The conference, studio and the studio room for partners are charged 50, 100 and 150 U.S dollars respectively. The ice is suitable for those who are holding birthday parties and has two dressing units. Those people who want to rent both the ice and the studio room are charged according to the set charges.The city has also a public library where you can go to read books, novels, magazines and newspapers. The library is well equipped thus making it ideal for conducting researches. This library is called Eleanor London public library. It offers some games like the classic board game. The library crew consists of skilled people who guide people on how to fully utilize the library materials. The library offers a scavenger hunt play where the winner merits some prizes. This library is also equipped with audio visual devices for storing information for example there is a number of musical as well as artistic works from the Baroque times that are free to all.Though the government has made sure that there are enough recreational places in Canada for all, there might be some barriers that may limit or prevent one from enjoying these sites. If you have some physical disabilities or limitations you might not enjoy these recreational facilities to the fullest. For example if you are crippled then you cannot be able to maneuver through the region. The park has three-baseball field which cannot be of any importance to the physically challenged people especially those who do not have legs and hands. But still arrangements can be made for them to be taken there to relax and enjoy the cool environment. For those who cannot access the park because they cannot walk, alternative means can be used such as airlifting these people to the designated places that are of importance to them. T they can also be driven to these places using vehicles but with a risk of not physically exercising their bodies.Taking a leisure walk helps one to improve the circulation of blood and thus making your heart strong. There are also pedal boats that are found in TheTradeau Park but people who have leg problems cannot be able to use pedals so they can’t enjoy the boat rides. (Pierre Elliot Trudeau Park). The governments of Canada in easing the burden of those who are physically impaired under a tourist and leisure companion sticker are allowed to access to all recreational places for free. If you are visually impaired you cannot have an access all the information that you might need. Some information is stored in magazines, books and journals and it is obvious they cannot be of any use to a blind person. (Lesson 5)In Canada this problem is well taken care of by the library management who has diversified information storage devices. Some library materials are audio visual. This means a blind person can have access to the needed information by listening. A blind person can also have some difficulties in accessing the recreation places as they are marked with colors and motion signs that guide the walkers but they are of no use to a b lind person.Anybody who is knew to a particular place finds it hard to access the recreational places. This person must be guided on how to access them. Proper maps should be provided to these people assuming they know how to read maps. For these maps to be of beneficial to the map readers, then labeling of the features on the ground should be well labeled to avoid confusion. This is something that the government has taken care of; it has provided people who need to visit these places with posters and other signs to guide them. For example in the Cole Saint Luc City the paths are clearly marked with yellow and blue colors after every 500 meters, to keep the walkers on the right track.The government of Canada also uses the motion signs on the paths to guide those seeing these recreational places for this reason even people who are new to Canada can access these places without facing difficulties in locating them. It should not be forgotten that these can be of help to only those that are literate and who have no visual impairments. Sign language solves the language difficulty. Where people cannot communicate in one language then signs prove to be useful. But still you may not be able to enjoy these places as you should. If you do not speak the same language you may be limited to access places and information that you need.Lack of enough financial resources also limits people from enjoying their leisure to the maximum as not all these places are accessible for free. To access some of these you must part with some money. Lastly you may fail to have an excellent leisure time if you are not used to the climate of that particular region. For example, in the Trudeau Park pedal boats that are only available in summers and ice during the winter so if you go during other times apart from summer and winter respectively then you cannot enjoy your leisure time. Therefore climate can also be a limitation.In short, Canada offers people with one of the best recreational place s in the world. The Cote Saint Luc City is a home to these places for example there is a public library, Samuel Moskovitch Arena, walking paths and Trudeau Park where some are freely accessible for free or at a fee. There are some barriers that may prevent one from enjoying these leisure places. These are factors like culture, language, physical disabilities and unfamiliar ness with a new place.Reference:6985 Mackle Road. Samuel Moskovitch Arena.Lesson 6: Commercial Recreation, Economics of recreation.Lesson 5: Travel and Tourism study materials.Pierre Elliot Trudeau Park, 6975 Macle road.Heart in Motion Walking Paths, Cote Saint Luc City.